探寻物种起源之地 | 加拉帕戈斯群岛景观生物多样性保护实录

背景简介

Background

环太平洋大学联盟（The Association of Pacific Rim Universities, 简称APRU）由美洲、亚洲、亚太地区的60所高校组成，致力于运用多样的视角，超越城乡边界限制，促进环太平洋地区的可持续发展。2016年，由美国俄勒冈大学发起设立可持续城市与景观平台（Sustainable Cities & Landscape Hub，简称SCL），旨在协同高校及业界力量，共同应对环太平洋区域所面临的严峻环境问题，并提供具有多学科视角的技术支持。该平台成立以来，由华盛顿大学、清华大学、香港大学、新南威尔士大学等多所来自环太平洋地区的成员高校专家组成国际执行委员会（Steering Committee）。上海交通大学于2021年7月正式加入SCL执行委员会，并成立城市景观生物多样性工作组（Urban Landscape Biodiversity Working Group，简称ULB）。2023年，SCL平台重点针对世界濒危遗产地——加拉帕戈斯群岛（Galapagos，又称科隆群岛）的岛屿保护开展国际合作研究。鉴于加拉帕戈斯群岛在全球生物多样性保护方面的重要意义，ULB工作组成为承担该群岛景观生物多样性保护研究的核心。自2023年5—10月，工作组通过多次召开工作会议，并参与SCL平台年会，组织国际学生论坛，初步开展了针对加拉帕戈斯群岛的景观生物多样性保护探索。

As a network of leading universities linking the Americas, Asia and Australasia, APRU (the Association of Pacific Rim Universities) brings together leaders, researchers, and policy-makers to exchange ideas and collaborate effectively on solving problems facing the 21st century. The APRU Sustainable Cities and Landscapes Hub (SCL) hosted by the University of Oregon aims to unite policy-makers, researchers, and practitioners from across disciplines to find answers to vital social, urban, and ecological questions of our time. Since its establishment, an international steering committee has been formed by scholars from member universities in the Pacific Rim, including the University of Washington, Tsinghua University, the University of Hong Kong, and the University of New South Wales etc. Shanghai Jiao Tong University joined the SCL in July 2021 and established the Urban Landscape Biodiversity Working Group (ULB). In 2023, the SCL platform will focus on international cooperative research on the island protection of the Galapagos Islands (Galapagos, also known as the Colon Islands), a world endangered heritage site. In view of the importance of the Galapagos Islands in global biodiversity conservation, the ULB Working Group has become the core of undertaking research on landscape biodiversity conservation on the Islands. From May to October 2023, the working group held a series of seminars and catch-ups, participated in the SCL Annual Conference, organized an international student forum, and initially launched an exploration of landscape biodiversity protection in the Galapagos Islands.

环太平洋大学联盟可持续城市与景观平台执行委员会构成（2023.9）

加岛概况

Galapagos Islands

加拉帕戈斯群岛位于厄瓜多尔，是1978年联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）首批登录的世界遗产，在《世界遗产名录》中编号为1。这一群岛地处南美大陆以西1000km的太平洋海面上，由19个火山岛及周围海域组成。由于处在三大洋流的交汇处，成为海洋生物的“大熔炉”，与世隔绝的环境使得岛内进化出许多奇异物种，如陆生鬣蜥、巨龟和多种类型的雀类[1]，成为启发达尔文提出进化论的重要岛屿[2]。1959年厄瓜多尔政府通过设立国家公园对该群岛进行保护。近年来，游客的不断增加、入侵物种的不慎引入、土地利用缺乏规划等问题，导致当地的生物多样性遭遇前所未有的挑战，加拉帕戈斯群岛已被联合国教科文组织列为濒危遗产。

The Galapagos Islands, located in Ecuador, were among the first World Heritage sites registered by UNESCO in 1978, and is placed as the first site on the World Heritage List. This archipelago is located on the Pacific Ocean 1,000 kilometers west of the South American continent and consists of 19 volcanic islands with its surrounding sea area. Because it is at the intersection of three major ocean currents, it has become a “melting pot” of marine life. The isolated environment has allowed many rare species to evolve on the island, such as terrestrial iguanas, giant tortoises and various types of finches [1], becoming an important island that inspired Darwin to propose the theory of evolution [2]. In 1959, the Ecuadorian government established a national park to protect the archipelago. In recent years, the continued increase in tourists, the careless introduction of invasive species, and lack of land use planning have led to unprecedented challenges for local biodiversity. The Galapagos Islands have been listed as an endangered heritage by UNESCO.

加拉帕戈斯群岛风光

Scenery on Galapagos

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年会回顾

Annual Conference

2023年，SCL平台年会由成员高校——厄瓜多尔的基多圣弗朗西斯科大学（Universidad San Francisco De Quito,简称 USFQ）承办。USFQ在加拉帕戈斯群岛设有分校区及多个研究中心，长期探索加拉帕戈斯群岛的物种保护问题。然而，以生物学的研究团队为主的前期研究，无法解决生物多样性保护与土地利用、生态旅游、家庭园艺相关的诸多问题。USFQ当地师生反映，尽管当地政府实行严格的物种引入检审制度，依然有许多外来动植物传入，导致当地的原生生态系统受到威胁。旅游业的发展对岛上的建成环境造成直接影响，许多建筑或园林的设计并没有体现出当地特色，反而成为吸引游客注意的舶来品，使得该群岛的整体历史景观风貌遭到破坏。另外，当地环境管理理念与模式缺乏弹性，使得许多民众私自引入外来植物装饰花园，亟须完善环境政策，帮助政府和民众认识更具生态友好的环境设计策略。

The 2023 SCL annual conference was hosted by the Universidad San Francisco De Quito ( USFQ ), a member university of APRU SCL in Ecuador. USFQ has a branch campus and several research centers in the Galapagos Islands that have focused on species conservation for a long time. However, previous studies based on biological research cannot resolve many biodiversity conservation issues relevant to land uses, eco-tourism, and garden design. USFQ local teachers and students mentioned that although the local government has used strict laws and regulations to control species importation, there are still many exotic animals and plants that were introduced and threatened the local native ecosystem. The development of tourism has brought direct impacts on the built environment of the islands. Many buildings and open spaces are not designed to reflect local characteristics but have become exotics that attract tourists'  attention; this has destroyed the overall historical landscapes of the archipelago. In addition, the lack of flexibility in local environmental management notions has led many people to privately introduce exotic plants to decorate their gardens. It is urgent to improve environmental policies to help the government and the public understand more eco-friendly environmental design strategies.

针对以上问题，ULB工作组召开了多次内部工作会议，提出了从土地利用规划、岛屿环境监测、遗产保护政策等方面，探索加拉帕戈斯群岛的保护研究框架。2023年8月4—12日SCL年会期间，工作组多位专家及学生实地奔赴加岛，与USFQ及其他与会专家共同探讨并完善工作方案，在当地开展了针对该群岛的景观特色与生物多样性保护的调查，并组织了为期两天的工作组会议及学生论坛。本届年会现场参会专家与学生约90人，ULB工作组线上及线下参会成员约35人。上海交通大学驻SCL执行委员会代表兼工作组组长、风景园林系副教授莫非带队参会并主持了工作组会议。风景园林系博士研究生孙文书，风景园林国际专硕研究生Anusha Joshi分别在学生论坛作口头报告。会议期间，交大代表团对此次年会的合作期刊《中国园林》《风景园林》进行了海外宣传，并向USFQ热带生物研究中心、自然历史博物馆等与会单位赠送了样刊。 

In response to the issues mentioned above, the ULB working group first held a number of internal working meetings and proposed to explore the protection research framework of the Galapagos Islands from the aspects of land use planning, island environmental monitoring, and heritage protection. During the annual meeting from 4 to 12 August 2023, a number of experts and students traveled to the islands to discuss and improve the work program with members of USFQ and other participating experts. A survey on the landscape features and biodiversity conservation of the islands was carried out locally, and a two-day working group meeting and student symposium were organized. About 90 experts and students participated in the annual meeting, and about 35 members of the ULB working group participated online and on-site. Dr. Fei Mo, who is an associate of landscape architecture of SJTU, as well as the SJTU SCL Steering Committee Representative and the ULB Working Group leader, brought the team on-site and co-hosted the working group meeting. Wehshu Sun, a Ph.D. candidate of the School of Design and Anusha Joshi, an MLA international student delivered presentations at the student symposium. This conference was co-organized with the Chinese Landscape Architecture Journal and the Landscape Architecture Journal in China, so the journals were introduced to attendants and were forwarded to experts as presents, such as Dr. Yekang Ko, the Director of the SCL Hub, the research team of the USFQ Tropical Biology Research Center and the USFQ Natural History Museum.

基多大学加拉帕戈斯校区 

Galapagos Campus of USFQ

2023年 APRU-SCL年会部分参与者合照

Group Photo of the 2023 APRU-SCL annual conference

APRU-SCL城市景观生物多样性工作组线下参会部分人员合影

APRU-SCL-ULB Working Group Photo on Galapagos 

《中国园林》《风景园林》期刊在工作组会议现场展览

The exhibitions of the Chinese Landscape Architecture and Landscape Architecture Journals on site

加拉帕戈斯科学中心实验室讲解当地生态环境问题

Public lectures on ecological and environmental issues in Galapagos Scientific Centers 

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学生论坛上，设计学院孙文书、Anusha Joshi等作主题报告

School of Design students at the Student Symposium 

后续进展

Follow-ups

年会结束后，ULB工作组专家针对当地的实际情况，制定了包含城市景观生物多样性、亲生物性园林设计、生态旅游与管理三大板块的研究框架，拟通过开展相关的合作研究，促进加拉帕戈斯群岛的岛屿环境改善，实现更具有亲生物特征的城市历史景观设计，并通过相关的政策研究与案例比较，为当地制定更具弹性及国际视野的遗产地保护策略提供参考，预计相关的研究工作将持续到2024年。

After the end of the annual conference, the experts of the ULB working group formulated a research framework including urban landscape biodiversity, biological-friendly garden design, eco-tourism and management according to the actual situation of the local areas. It is planned to promote the improvements of the island environment of Galapagos through collaborative research, so as to achieve a more biological-friendly urban historical landscape design. Through relevant policy research and case comparison, it aims to provide suggestions for the local government to formulate more flexible strategies for world heritage site protection. The post-conference research will continue to 2024. 

针对加拉帕戈斯群岛的景观生物多样性保护框架

（由SCL平台主席Bart Johnson教授提供，未经允许请勿转载）

Landscape biodiversity conservation framework for Galapagos Islands

(The figure is provided by Prof. Bart Johnson, the Chair of the International Steering Committee of SCL, all copyrights preserved)

参考文献：

1. 加拉帕戈斯群岛为联合国教科文组织设立的第一处世界遗产，参见：https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1

2.Sulloway, F. J. (2009). Tantalizing Tortoises and the Darwin-Galápagos Legend. Journal of the History of Biology, 42(1), 3–31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40271531